Heart of Darkness

October 17
Pg. 3-11

A: “It was difficult to realize that his work was not out there in the luminous estuary, but behind him, in brooding gloom”

I: The captain is standing in front of three men, and they say his work is in the “brooding gloom.” Does the captain live a sad life? Most probable since he is head away from the light into the darkness.

A: brooding gloom, gloom brooding

I: Once again the same two words come up when speaking of the captain. Although they are in different syntax they still depict the captain as a sad and lonely fellow. I believe the story is full of depression and solitude.

October 18
Pg. 11-19

A : whited sepulchre

I: This is sort of a paradox since sepulchre is a tomb which are usually dark a eerie, but this sepulchre is whited. Maybe he is referring to the darkness that cities withhold and the ability for it to be hidden which is referred to by the “whited” part.

A: “Morituri te salutant. Not many she looked at ever saw her again ..”

I: I believe something tragic is going to happen to Marlow on his journey to the “river that looks like a snake.” Morituri is latin for death, I believe Marlow is going to die. The snake represents evil, I think Marlow is going to an evil river.

October 19
Pg. 19-27

A: “..I felt as though, instead of going to the centre of the continent, I was going to the centre of the earth”

I: Marlow is head to the Congo which is around the center of Africa. I think Conrad uses center of the earth because to make a reference to the period of time in which all of Europe wanted a piece of Africa, especially of Congo. Its natural resources and the enslavement of its people made it a coveted area which everyone wanted.

A: “After all, I also was a part of the great cause of these and just proceedings”

I: Conrad once again, I believe, makes a reference to the justification for the treatment of the natives that the Europeans withheld. It was all for the common good. Maybe Conrad himself is justifying the actions of the Europeans.

October 20
Pgs. 27-35

A: collar, vast cuffs, appearance, demoralization of the land, respect

I: Marlow describe the Company’s chief accountant as a white man with great appearance and clothes; his collar and vast cuffs. He respects the accountant because he can keep civil in a demoralizing land. Marlow instantly feels the superiority over the natives and the land itself.

A: health is power

I: The manager is seen as a powerful man because he’s always in good health. During the invasion of Africa the primary cause of death was disease, health was the root of power.

October 22
Pgs. 35-43

A: wilderness, evil or truth, fantastic invasion

I: Marlow is looking outside and says the wilderness is invincible like evil or truth. Then he mentions the “fantastic invasion.” Is Marlow trying to say that they too are invincible, in his eyes they are most likely truth.

A:”draped blindfolded carrying a lighted torch. The background was somber – almost black”

I: Marlow describes a painting of a woman walking around blindfolded. Black represents evil. I think it ties in with Marlow, up to this point of the novel he’s been walking around aimlessly trying to get his steamboat fix. Although he has something to guide him he walks around surrounded by evil, just like the woman has the torch to guide her and surrounded by black.

Pgs. 43-51
October 23
A: taint of death, mortality of lies, detest about the world

I: Marlow says he hates when people lie because it brings death and bad things to the object. However he is in the Congo, invading a civilization through the lies of European continent. Although he’s benefitting from the lies indirectly, he is benefitting nonetheless.

A: we live as we dream --- alone

I: I think this statement has a lot meaning to the events that were happening in that time period. The people that were invading Africa, usually traveled alone. They knew what they wanted from the land and kept it to themselves. Marlow is the same way. He travels alone until he get a crew, and doesn’t really know what he wants.

Pgs. 51-59
October 24

A: station, better things, centre for trade, humanizing, improving, instructing

I: The two, that Marlow overhears, speak of their duty to make the land “better.” Bring civilization to the savages of the land. They say the trading posts need to be a center for trade and improve the continent. They also need to “instruct” the natives.


A: “Going up that river was like traveling back to the earliest beginnings of the world”

I: Marlow looks at his surroundings and compares it to the times of the beginning of the world. Most likely referring to cavemen and savages that used to roam the earth. Once again Marlow implies that he’s superior to the natives of the land.

Pgs. 59-67
October 25

A: “we penetrated deeper and deeper into the heart of darkness”

I: Conrad finally makes a connection to the title of the novel. I don’t really understand what he’s trying to imply by using the heart of darkness as he goes down the river. I understand that heart implies the center. Is darkness referring to the people? Or does darkness mean evil?

A: “The mind of man is capable of anything ---because everything is in it, all the past as well as all the future.”

I: He compares the chant of the natives to the noise that animals made in the past. Marlow says that that is the beauty of the mind , being able to compare the past with the future.

October 26
Pgs. 59-67

A: beautiful resignation

I: Usually resignation is disappointing and could be considered “ugly” because it’s a sort of cowardice. However, such kind of resignation is considered beautiful.

A: living tree, living bush

I: Marlow describes the bush and the tree by emphasizing its characteristics by adding living. Is it living because there are people hiding in it? Or is he noticing the nature of his surroundings?

November 6
Pgs. 91-99

A: “He declared he would shoot me unless I gave him the ivory…I gave the ivory. What did I care.”

I: Mr. Kurtz is really obsessed with ivory. The guy the follows him around is an idiot for allowing himself being pushed around. He didn’t even care Mr. Kurtz threatened him with death if he didn’t give him the ivory, the Russian still idolized him.

A: “Mr. Kurtz couldn’t be mad. If I had heard him talk, only two days ago, I wouldn’t dare to hint at such a thing.”

I: The Russian says that Mr. Kurtz isn’t going crazy, but of course he would say that. The Russian admires Mr. Kurtz too much to see his “hero” as a such a thing.

November 7
100-108

A: stretcher, natives, bows, spears, arrows, shields

I: The natives protect Mr. Kurtz as if he was part of their tribe. Mr. Kurtz seems like a very powerful man and is greatly admired even by the natives, who outnumber him, plus they have weapons, yet they follow as he was a god of some sort.

A: voice, secrets, mysterious, immortal

I: Even Marlow sees Kurtz as more than a mere human. Marlow says that Kurtz will get better without a doubt because he’s an immortal. Also when he looks at Kurtz in his deathbed he says that he is a man full of secrets and describes his voice as if were in perfect health.

November 8
109-117

A: shook the earth

I: once again Marlow describes Kurtz of some sort of god. Also the event occurring around Kurtz makes him seem all powerful. Kurtz the native attack the paramedics in order for Kurtz to get away.

A: mad, the wilderness, the natives

I: Marlow blames the insanity of Kurtz on the natives and the land. Although his insanity could possibly be caused by the obsession he has over ivory and all of the other resources. Once again Marlow demeans the natives and the land.

Jane Eyre

Omar Cortez
Jane Eyre

9-23
A: dread, twilight, sombre, hear saddened, Master Reed

I: The words that the author uses in the beginning of chapter one are those that demonstrate misery in life. The word dread creates a mood of despair and shows the misery of Jane. It seems that she is disliked by her entire family and even the housemaids. She is forced to refer to her older brother as master, is she adopted or a result of an infidelity? Is this the reason she is treated as trash. Her father isn’t around which leads to the assumption that he is dead and she was left to the care of the "Missis." The housemaids tell her she cannot compare to the other "missies." Basically she is told that she is not good enough, which leads to support the assumption that she is not part of the family. Will she be accepted soon? It seems not since she is tied down and kept under restraint. The only way to tell is to read on.

Pages 23-37
A: weary, lonely, good apothecary, good-natured looking face
I: Jane passes out when she’s locked in the master room. She think she sees a ghost and is very frightened. She is taken in the living room where she sits in front of the fire as Bessie sings a song. The song closely resembles Jane. The song speaks of a "poor orphan child" who although she thinks she’s alone God is by her side. Soon after Bessie finishes the song an apothecary comes over. It shocking to know that Mrs. Reed sends over an apothecary rather than a real doctor to take care of Jane. The apothecary is really nice to her.
Are the apothecary and Jane going to be good friends later on in the book?

Pages 37-51
A: hell, keep in good health and not die, psalms, the book of revelations
I: Jane is talking to Mr. Brocklehurst about being a "naughty girl," although she is very young she already has a corrupted mind. She doesn’t believe in heaven. When Brocklehurst asks her how she’s going to keep from going to hell, she simply says she won’t die instead of saying being nice. Also Jane prefers the book of revelations rather than the psalms. The book of revelations speaks of the coming of the beast, of evil and the destruction of mankind while the psalms are angelical hymns. It’s disturbing for a 10 yr. old girl to choose evil over good.

Pages 52-66
A: companionship of a book, nobody can be sure of the future, you will change you mind, reading alone
I: Jane walks up to Helen Burns and have a small conversation about a book Helen is reading. Helen is very similar to Jane, she also fiends companionship in books and is alone most of the time Jane sees her. During this section Helen is beat unjustly but she say she deserves it because she has faults. The she tells Jane that she will change her mind soon.
Does Jane become like Helen?
Will Helen be used to foreshadow events of Jane since they’re so similar?

Pages 67-80
A: nature of men, can only see defects, death is an entrance to happiness, breathed hard and coughed a short cough
I: Helen Burns is punished once again and they make her wear the "untidy badge." Jane says that the nature of men is to only see the bad and not the good. In a way she’s talking about herself because everyone automatically judges her as a bad child and they see her "bad" actions but not her knowledge or intelligence. Soon after she thinks this she is humiliated in front of the 80 girls and is accused of being possessed. She cries to herself and then Helen comes and soothes her. Helen tells her that true happiness is death. Is Helen going to dies soon?

Pages 81-95
A: we all must die some day, my mind is at rest, when I die?, good night, resurgam
I: Jane goes up to Ms. Temple’s room where Helen is. She says her final good byes. Helen tells Jane that everyone dies some day and their mind is at rest. At such a young age she accepts the idea of death. She’s not scared, and Jane shows the same courage when she asks about her own death. Before Helen dies they tell each other good-night instead of good-bye, Jane is hoping to see her again soon. On Helen’s tombstone it says "resurgam" which means "I shall rise again." Will she rise again in Jane? This part is really intense, Helen, her best friend dies in the hands of Jane. Once again Jane loses another part of her innocence.
96-110
A: "...they are only servants, and one can’t converse with them on terms of equality: one must keep them at due distance, for fear of losing one’s authority"
I: Mrs. Fairfax, although she seems like a nice old lady she feels herself superior to other people. She thinks masters have to treat servants differently in order for them to obey. Jane is "governess" but she is still under Mrs. Fairfax. Will she turn out to be a deceitful lady like Mrs. Reed?

111-125
A: "same low ha! ha!..thrilled me," "In those days I was young, and all sorts of fancies bright and dark tenanted my mind: the memories of nursery stories were thee amongst other rubbish; and when they recurred, maturing youth added to them a vigour and vividness beyond what childhood could give"
I: Even a grown woman Jane still finds entertainment from the nursery stories she was told. When she hears one of the servants laughing she believes is a ghost. Also when she hears the horse coming she believes to be a horse she was told when she was younger. Jane says everything else in her mind is rubbish, it could be the pain she went through. She rather keep her life like a fairy-tale than actual pain and suffering. Also she keeps strong bonds with the people she was close to before, Bessie and Ms. Temple. They we’re the only people that always told her nursery stories.

125-139
A: Inmates, cells, imagine something which I was powerless to realize, submit to money
I: Jane is coming back from a walk that she made to the post office. When she returns to Thornfield Hall she describes of some sort of prison, she says that everyone in the house is an inmate. There is no excitement in her life and she states that she would rather go through all her experiences than to be solitary in one moment of peace. When she talks about the painting to Mr. Rochester, she says that her thoughts and actions aren’t coordinated. Mr. Rochester after examining the paintings, tells her that everyone has a price.

139-153
A: "since happiness is irrevocably denied to me, I have a right to get pleasure in out of life: and will get it, cost what it may."
I: Mr. Rochester is have a conversation with Jane about anything that keeps him entertained. Mr. Rochester tells Jane that since he was young he led a miserable life. He say since life didn’t give him happiness he has to obtain it one way or another. Mr. Rochester and Jane are very similar, they’re both emotionally scarred. Do they get together? It seems that Jane has an attraction to Mr. Rochester. Mr. Rochester also states that Jane has never been in love or felt jealousy, he says that she still needs to experience it. Will Rochester fall in love with Jane or vise versa? Will Jane be heartbroken because of Rochester?"

153-167
A: Grace Poole, no consciousness of guilt or fear, conscious
I: Jane finally meets Grace Poole, the servant that is always laughing. She’s sewing rings on curtains when Jane decides to approach her and speak to her. Grace is uninterested by what Jane has to say but when Jane mentions Mr. Rochester, Grace becomes little more "conscious." Is Grace attracted to Mr. Rochester too? Are Jane and Grace going to become enemies?

168-182
A: Jane meets Ms. Ingram and describes her, she says that it reminds her of Mrs. Reed
I: After she finishes describing Ms. Ingram, Jane says she doesn’t like her because she’s too simple. All her ideas are either things she’s read or things she’s heard from other people, and Jane dislikes that. Maybe the reason Jane dislikes her is because she’s jealous that Mr. Rochester pays more attention to Ms. Ingram than to her. After contemplating Jane’s feelings, it is possible that Jane is reminded of Mrs. Reed because she dislikes her, and since Ms. Ingram arouses the same emotions she compares them.

183-197
A: jealous, inferior, pride, paradox, social classes
I: Jane sits alone while Mr. Rochester flirts with Ms. Ingram, she feels something that she hasn’t felt before but she says it’s not jealousy. Jane states that she cannot be jealous of someone who is inferior to her. However this creates a paradox because she’s losing the love of Mr. Rochester of someone she is better to. The intellectual level between the two women is very different, which contradicts the belief that those who were part of the elite were much more educated. It also shows that Jane has a lot of pride, and can be quite judgmental.

198-212
A: Jane doesn’t believe in the gypsy
I: After the two ladies finish talking to the gypsy they are terrified of the secrets she has revealed, yet Jane enters the room cool headed, and thinks it’s a silly thing to believe in what she has to say. Jane is but curious to find what the gypsy has to say about her, however after some time she is mystified by gypsy’s words. Although Jane is well educated and thinks critically before she believes in anything people says, she’s fooled by the words of the gypsy and doubts her own opinions. The gypsy turns out to be Mr. Rochester. Does Mr. Rochester have such control over Jane that he makes her doubt herself? Will Mr. Rochester be capable of controlling Jane in the future?

213-227
A: inexperienced eyes, marble is sorlid slate, cobweb draperies, polished woods are scaly barks
I: Mr. Rochester speaks to Jane of all of his fortune. He is very wealthy but he is very unhappy, all of his precious jewels are nothing but a mask for his suffering. While everyone else sees him as a rich successful man, he sees himself fall into his misery; he can’t seem to find happiness. Will Jane become that happiness?

228-240
A: living, she had ever hated me---dying, she must hate me still
I: Mrs. Reed is on her death bed and calls for Jane to plead for her forgiveness for all the past offenses. However, when Jane asks her aunt to love her she turns away. Although she claims regret she shows none, and Jane states that it’s too late for her too change. I believe Bronte wants to show, that people don’t try to change until it’s too late for them to do so. When they try, they don’t really do change but just try to give the impression that they are changing.

241-255
A: Jane is leaving because Mr. Rochester is going to marry
I: Jane is jealous and disillusioned because Mr. Rochester is going to marry another women, she hates being second to anybody, although she always self-deprecates herself. She rather leave than see Mr. Rochester happy with another woman. However, she believes that he will not be happy because he doesn’t and isn’t loved by Ms. Ingram.

256-270
A: rainy night, full of thunder, horse chestnut split in half
I: Soon after Mr. Rochester proposes to Jane it starts to rain heavily, as if the heavens were condemning their love. The rain brings thunder and they have to flee where they were sitting, soon Adele informs her that the horse chestnut was split in half. The horse chestnut is where Jane and Mr. Rochester were sitting and where they announced their love. Could it be symbolizing that their love will be a failure and that they will soon split.

271-285
A: song, Jane will not die with him
I: Jane says that he loves Mr. Rochester but she also says that she does not wish to die along him. If he dies, she will have her time to die also. I believe that Jane is only obsessed with Mr. Rochester and doesn’t really love him, but is intrigued by his intellect.

286-300
A: no tears, Jane finds out that Mr. Rochester is married
I: Jane is about to marry Rochester when Mr. Mason and his lawyer intervene with the accusation that Mr. Rochester’s former wife still lives. Mr. Rochester admits to it, and shows her to them. Jane looks herself up in her room, and gets intense emotions, but has no tears. Does Jane truly love Rochester?

Mythology summer work

Study Guide for Chapter One: The Gods>>*The Titans and the Twelve Great Olympians*>Titans>Who were the Titans?> ~The Titans were the children of heaven and earth.>What happens to them?> ~They took a lower place when Zeus, son of Saturn ascended the throne.>What characterizes the Golden Age?> ~The Golden Age was a time of perfect peace and happiness.>>>>The twelve great Olympians: Zeus (Jupiter), Poseidon (Neptune), Hades >(Pluto), Hestia (Vesta), Hera (Juno), Ares (Mars), Athena (Minerva), >Apollo, Aphrodite (Venus), Hermes (Mercury), Artemis (Diana), Hephaestus >(Vulcan).>Mount Olympus: Greece’s highest mountain and said to be the foundation of >Olympus.>Seasons: protected a gate of clouds of which was the entrance to Olympus.>ambrosia / nectar: the food of the deities, which was supposed to make >those who ate it immortal.>>Zeus>How does Zeus gain power?> ~Each one of his brothers had a part of the universe to take care of. >He was the Lord of the Sky.>Why is he depicted as having so many extramarital affairs?> ~The scholars say that the Zeus of song and story has been made by >combining many gods.>Who is even stronger than Zeus?> ~Fate>Where is his oracle?> ~in the land of oak trees>How does it work?> ~The god’s will was revealed by the rustling of the oak leaves which >the priests interpreted.>What are some of the objects associated with him?> ~His bird was the eagle, his tree the oak>What is the aegis?> ~Zeus’ breastplate>>Hera>Who is she?> ~Hera was Zeus’ wife and sister>Whom does she protect on earth?> ~She was the protector of marriage and married women were her peculiar >care.>Who is Ilithyia?> ~Ilithyia was Hera’s daughter>What city/bird/animal are associated with her?> ~Argos was her favorite city and the cow and the peacock were sacred >to her.>How would you describe her relationship with her husband?> ~It was not very good, she fell jealous of all women her husband fell >in love with and cursed them.>>Poseidon>What does he rule?> ~He was the ruler of the sea>Who is his wife?> ~His wife was Amphitrite, a granddaughter of the Titan.>Where does he live?> ~In a palace beneath the sea.>What animal does he give to mankind?> ~He gave the first horse to man>What (besides Neptune) is he frequently called?> ~“Earth-shaker”>What is the trident?> ~The trident is a three-pronged spear, which would shake and shatter >whatever he pleased.>>Hades>What does Pluto mean?> ~Dis the latin word for rich.>Who and what is he king of?> ~He was King of the Dead>What does his famous cap do to whoever wears it?> ~made them invisible.>Who is his wife?> ~Persephone>How would you describe his personality?> ~unpitying and terrible>>Pallas Athena>Who were her parents?> ~Zeus was her father, and she had no mother.>Over whom is she the protector?> ~She is the protector of civilized life>What did she invent?> ~the bridle>What words are frequently used to describe her?> ~“gray-eyed” or “flashing-eyed”>What was her relationship like with Zeus?> ~Great. She was Zeus’ favorite child and he trusted her dearly.>What does Parthenos mean?> ~it was the name she was called as the chief of the virgin goddesses>Where is the Partheon?> ~in her temple>What is her bird/tree/city?> ~Athens was her special city; the olive created by her was her tree; >the owl her bird.>>Phoebus Apollo>Who were his parents?> ~Zeus and Leto (Latona)>Where was he born?> ~The little island of Delos>What instrument does he play?> ~the golden lyre>What did he first teach men?> ~the healing art>Of what is he the god?> ~He is the God of Light and the God of Truth.>Where was his oracle?> ~Delphi under towering Parnassus>What (besides the oracle) is so special about the site?> ~Castalia was its sacred spring; Cephissus its river>How does the oracle work?> ~The answers to the questions asked by the anxious seekers for Truth >were delivered by a priestess who went into a trance before she >spoke.>What is a tripod?> ~a three-legged stool>Who was Python?> ~a frightful monster>What does Phoebus mean?> ~“brilliant”>What is his tree/animal?> ~The laurel was his tree, dolphin and the crow his animals.>>Artemis>What is she also called (besides Diana)?> ~Cynthia>Who are her parents?> ~Zeus and Leto>Who are the three maiden goddesses?> ~Artemis> ~Aphrodite> ~Athena>Describe her personality.> ~she is fierce and revengeful>What does she love to do?> ~she was careful to preserve the young>What is her connection to the moon?> ~she was a moon-goddess>Who is Hecate?> ~Artemis>What animal/tree is sacred to her?> ~The cypress and the deer>>Aphrodite>Of what is she the goddess?> ~Love and beauty>How is she born?> ~She is said to have sprung from the foam of the sea.>Who is her husband?> ~Hephaestus>What are her tree/birds?> ~The myrtle was her tree; the dove her bird and sometimes the sparrow >and swan.>How would you characterize her personality?> ~gentle, kind, and loving>>Hermes>Who are his parents?> ~Zeus and Maia>What does he look like?> ~On his feet were winged sandals; wings were on his low-crowned hat>What is his magic wand called?> ~the Caduceus>What does he invent?> ~the lyre>Describe his personality.> ~He was graceful, shrewd and cunning>Of what is he the god?> ~God of Commerce>What is his function for the realm of the dead?> ~he was the solemn guide of the dead, the Divine Herald who led the >souls down to their past home.>>Ares>Who are his parents?> ~Zeus and Hera>Of what is he the god?> ~God of War>What is his personality like?> ~ruthless, murderous, coward>Who are his companions on the battle field?> ~His sister, Eris, which means Discord and Strife, her son. The >Goddess of War, Enyo (Bellona) then there are Terror and >Trembling and Panic.>Why are their names apt?> ~their names are apt because it most likely told what happened on the >battle field>Who is his bird/animal?> ~His bird was the vulture. The dog his animal.>With whom does he have an illicit affair?> ~Aphrdite>>Hephaestus>What makes him different from the other gods?> ~he was the only ugly one>Who are his parents?> ~Zeus and Hera>What is his job?> ~he is the workman of the immortals, their armorer and smith>Who is his wife?> ~Aglaia>Who helps him in his tasks?> ~Athena>What is his relationship to volcanoes?> ~He is the God of Fire>Whom does he protect on earth?> ~smiths>Hestia>Of what is she the goddess?> ~Goddess of the Hearth>How does she fit into the Olympian family?> ~She was Zeus’ sister>What is her role in founding colonies?> ~If a colony was to be founded the colonists carried coals with them >to the new city with which to kindle the fire on the new city’s >hearth.>What are the priestesses called who guard her flame in Rome?> ~Vestals>>*The Lesser Gods of Olympus*>Eros>Of what is he the god?> ~God of Love>What is his relationship to Aphrodite?> ~he was her son in later accounts>How is he frequently represented?> ~as blindfolded because his love is often blind>Who are his attendants?> ~Anteros, Himerous, Hymen>What do their names mean?> ~they all have to do with love.>Hebe>Of what is she the goddess?> ~Goddess of Youth>Who were her parents?> ~Zeus and Hera>Who does she marry?> ~Hercules>What is her office at Olympus?> ~cupbearer>Who is Ganymede?> ~the person that holds her office>Iris>Of what is she goddess?> ~Goddess of the Rainbow>What is her job?> ~she is the messenger of the gods>The Graces>How many are there?> ~three>What do their names mean?> ~Splendor, Mirth and Good Cheer>What would they do at banquets?> ~sing>Could one go on vacation without the others?> ~no>Muses>How many?> ~nine>Who are their parents?> ~Zeus and Mnemosyne>What are their names and their particular fields?> ~Clio was Muse of history, Urania of astronomy, Melpomene of tragedy, >Thalia of comedy, Terpsichore of the dance, Calliope of epic >poetry, Erato of love- poetry, Polyhymnia of songs to the gods, >Euterpe of lyric poetry.>>Who are Themis, Aidos, Nemesis and Dike?> ~They were august forms and personified emotions esteemed highest of >all feelings in Homer and Hesiod.>>The Gods of the Waters>1.*Who was Poseidon?> ~the Lord and Ruler of the Mediterranean Sea and the Friendly Sea and > underground rivers>2.*Who is Triton?> ~the trumpeter of the Sea.>Who are his parents?> ~Poseidon and Amphitrite>With what object is he associated?> ~his trumpet was a great shell>3.What are Proteus’ two useful powers?> ~foretelling the future and changing his shape at will>4.Who are the Naiads?> ~water nymphs>How do they differ from the Nereids?> ~They dwelt in brooks and springs and fountains instead of oceans and >seas.>>*The Underworld*>1.>Hades: ruler of the kingdom of the dead>Persephone: Hades’ queen>Charon: an aged boatman who ferries the souls of the dead across the water>Cerberus: a three-headed dog who guards the gate who lets all souls enter, >no return>Styx: the river of the unbreakable oath by which god’s swear>Lethe: the river of forgetfulness>Elysian Fields: a place of blessedness>Asphodel: pallid, ghostly flowers>>2. What kind of mood exists in Hades?> ~it is a vague, shadowy place inhabited by shadows; it is a miserable >dream>How is it set up?> ~The path down to it lead to where Acheron, the river of woe, pours >into Cocytus, the river of lamentation>What is the role of the three judges?> ~they pass sentence and send the wicked to everlasting torment and the >good to a place of blessedness.>3. Who are the Furies (the Erinyes)?> ~sinners on the earth and punish evildoers in the underworld.>Through what gate do true dreams come?> ~the gate of horn>>The Lesser Gods of Earth>1.*Of what are Demeter and Dionysus, respectively, goddess and god?> ~Demeter was the Goddess of the Corn and Dionysus was the God of the >Vine.>2. *Pan>Who is his father?> ~Hermes>He’s part animal -- which animal?> ~goat>Where does he live?> ~in all wild places, but best of all, Arcady, where he was born>What instrument does he play?> ~pipes of reed>How would you characterize his luck with the ladies?> ~poor, he was often rejected because of his ugliness>What is the relationship between him and our word “panic”?> ~trembling sounds that came from the wilderness were made by him>Describe his personality.> ~happy, enjoyable company>3. Silenus>What animal does he ride and why?> ~donkey>Whom does he teach?> ~Pan>What does he resemble in looks?> ~a drunken fat man>4. Describe The Sileni.> ~They were creatures of part man and part horse, which walked on two >legs and often had hoofs, sometimes horses’ ears and always >horses’ tails.>5.*The Satyrs, Dryads or Hamadryads>Who/what are they?> ~goat-men>Where do they gather?> ~in the wild places of the earth>Describe their appearance.> ~unhuman, ugly gods>6.*Aeolus>Of what is he king?> ~King of the Winds>What are the Greek names of the four chief winds and their direction?> ~Boreas, Zephyr , Favonius, Eurus>7.*Chiron>What type of creature is he?> ~half man - half horse>What would he look like?> ~a beast>For what is he known?> ~His goodness and his wisdom>8. *Gorgons>What did they look like?> ~dragonlike creatures with wings>9.The Graiae>What is unusual about this trio of old women?> ~They had but one eye between them>10.*The Sirens>For what are they infamous?> ~luring sailors to their deaths>11.*The Fates>What is their Greek name?> ~Moirae>What do they do?> ~give to men at birth evil and good to have>What is the meaning of Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos’ names and how they >reflect their duties?> ~They hold the distaff and spin the thread of life. The name Clotho is >from Greek Klôthô, which literally means “I spin”. Atropos was >known as the Inexorable, and carried the shears that cut the >thread of life.>>Study Guide for Chapter Two: The Two Great Gods of Earth>>Do you agree with Hamilton’s condemnation of the Greek Pantheon as mostly >“harmful and capricious” in the first paragraph of this chapter?> ~Yes, it seems as though the gods had great power and individual >qualities that made them unique but it is what they did with their power >that makes them good or bad.>*Demeter>Of what is she goddess?> ~Goddess of Corn>Why does Hamilton argue that Demeter has to be a woman?> ~It was natural that the divine power which brought forth the grain >should be thought of as a goddess and not a god; the care of the >fields belonged to women>When is her chief festival?> ~Her chief festival came at the harvest time>Why do we not know more about the Eleusinian Mysteries?> ~they were held in especial veneration>>Homeric Hymn to Demeter and a Study Guide to Demeter’s Hymn>*Who is Persephone?> ~Demeter’s only daughter>Where does she go?> ~she’s lost; the lord of the underworld carried her away>How does Demeter react to her disappearance?> ~she withheld her gifts from the earth, which turned into a frozen >desert>Why does she disguise herself?> ~she felt such a great grief she just wanted to be left alone>How does Demeter try to give Demophoon immortal youth?> ~she anointed him with ambrosia and at night she would place him in >the red heart of the fire.>Why isn’t she successful?> ~the mother found him in fire and immediately took her son>How does Demeter suggest Eleusis can win back her good graces?> ~they must build her a great temple near the town and so win back the >favor of her heart.>What effect does Demeter’s grief have on the earth?> ~noting grew; in vain the oxen drew the plowshare through the furrows>Why does Zeus pull rank on Hades and force him to return Persephone?> ~He thought that the whole world would die of famine and the only one >who could fix it was Demeter and the only way she would agree to >that was if she saw her daughter.>What is the importance of the pomegranate?> ~Hermes made Persephone eat a pomegranate seed, knowing that if she >did so she must return to him.>What sad message does Rhea bring to Demeter?> ~Demeter is not to keep her daughter but can see her at the kingdom of >darkness.>>*Dionysus>Of what is he god?> ~God of the Vine>Why does Hamilton call Dionysus and Demeter “suffering gods”?> ~because they were destined to die>>Homeric Hymn to Dionysus and Study Guide>Who are Dionysus’s parents?> ~Zeus and Semele>What awful fate befalls his mother?> ~Zeus loves another woman; Hera>Why does Zeus have to uphold his promise?> ~he swears to the Styx river>What is unusual about his birth?> ~His mother died near birth, so Zeus hid it in his own side until the >time came for it to be born, it was then carried to the nymphs of >Nysa.>Why is Dionysus’ birth of fire and childhood of rain appropriate for his >function as god of vine?> ~The hard burning heat ripens the grapes and the water keeps them >alive>Why do the pirates kidnap Dionysus?> ~They thought he looked like the son of a king and they would be >willing to pay a great ransom.>How does Dionysus exhibit his divinity to the pirates?> ~When they began to bind him the ropes would not hold together and >fell apart when they touched his hands and feet.>What fate do the pirates suffer?> ~they were turned into dolphins>>*Who are the Maenads or Bacchantes?> ~women frenzied with wine>What do they look like?> ~They carried pine-cone tipped wands and were always dirty>How do the followers of Dionysus differ in their worship from the attendees >of the other gods?> ~They worshiped the god of wine>What are the two ideas present in the worship of this god?> ~It was centered in these two ideas so far apart-- of freedom and >ecstatic joy and of savage brutality.>Why does Dionysus Return to Thebes?> ~to establish worship there>Who is Pentheus?> ~the King of Thebes>Why does he ignore the advice of Tiresias and the band of soldiers?> ~because of the way he looked>What awful fate does Pentheus experience?> ~he was not able to hear when the gods spoke to him>Why do you think Dionysus encouraged his demise?> ~Dionysus encouraged it because after being nice to him the whole >time, Pentheus only heaped insults and threats upon him.>>What, besides viticulture, is Dionysus’ greatest gift to the world?> ~wine>Where is his festival celebrated?> ~Greece>What does the ceremony entail?> ~it was a theatre and the ceremony was a performance of a play.>Why and how does Dionysus die every year?> ~His worshipers believed that death does not end at all. He was always >brought back to life; he died and rose again.>>>Study Guide for Chapter Three: How the World and Mankind Were Created>>*What is the “world” like before the gods came on the scene?> ~There was only the formless confusion Of Chaos brooded over by >unbroken darkness>Night and Erebus are the first two children of Chaos. Who is their child?> ~Love>How is that child conceived?> ~it came into being in some mysterious way from darkness and from >death.>Why is this child so important for later developments?> ~Love created Light with its companion, radiant Day.>What is Hamilton’s theory about the personification of the Earth and >Heaven?> ~Earth was the solid ground, yet vaguely a personality, too. Heaven >was the blue vault on high, but it acted in some ways as a human >being would.>Why does that personification blossom with the introduction of later >figures?> ~They were individual persons, so they personified everything which >had the obvious marks of life.>Who are the first creatures to have the appearance of life?> ~The children of Mother Earth and Father Heaven; Gaea and Ouranos>Who comes next?> ~The Cyclops’>How are they different that the monsters?> ~they lived off of sin>Who injures Heaven?> ~Titan Cronus>How and why?> ~he lay in wait for his father and wounded him terribly. He did this >because he was said to be a very poor father.>What springs from the blood of the injured Heaven?> ~the Erinyes (Furies)>>*Why does Zeus eventually overthrow Cronus?> ~It was destined>How does Rhea fool Cronus?> ~she gave her husband a great stone wrapped in swaddling clothes which >he supposed was the baby and swallowed down.>How does Zeus rescue his siblings?> ~he forced his father, with the help of Mother Earth, to throw them up>What happens to the stone that fools Cronus?> ~he throws it up and a great deal of time later found and blessed with >oil daily.>>*Who helps Cronus in the war?> ~his brother Titans>Who are Zeus’ allies?> ~The Titans>How does Zeus punish his enemies after they lose?> ~he bounded them in bitter chains beneath the earth>Who is Atlas and what is his fate?> ~Prometheus’ brother; condemned to bear on his back forever the cruel >strength of the crushing world>Who then must Zeus fight to become undisputed world champion?> ~Typhon>>Who are the Cimmerians?> ~Mysterious people that lived on the further bank of the river where >light never shone.>The Hyperboreans?> ~People that lived in a country across the Ocean at the back of the >North Wind>Where is the realm of the dead?> ~On Ocean’s bank>>*How was man created?> ~It was delegated by the gods to Prometheus, the Titan who had sided >with Zeus in the war with the Titians and to his brother, >Epimetheus>What do Prometheus’ and Epimetheus’ names mean, and why are they apt?> ~Prometheus’ name means forethought and Epimetheus’ name means >afterthought>Why is Epimetheus a dunderhead?> ~he gave all the good qualities to animals and had none left for >humans>How does Prometheus come to man’s aid?> ~He took over the task of creation and thought of a way to make >mankind superior>>Describe the various ages of man, starting with gold and ending with iron.> ~Golden race- lived like gods without sorrow of heart, far from toil >and pain> ~Silver race- inferior to the first, so little intelligence, they >couldn’t keep from hurting themselves.> ~Brass race- terrible, immensely strong, lovers of war and violence> ~Unnamed race-godlike heroes fought glorious wars and went on great >adventures> ~Iron race- live in evil times, never rest from toil and sorrow>How are the men like the metal that gives their age its name?> ~It shows how they lived and were in their hearts>>*What two gripes does Zeus have against Prometheus?> ~He stole fire for men and arranged that they should get the best part >of any animal sacrificed and men should get the worst.>How does Zeus get revenge?> ~He creates women>What does Pandora’s name mean and why is it apt?> ~“the gift of all”; all the men gave her beautiful gifts.>Hamilton calls Pandora a “beautiful disaster.” Do you agree? Why/why not?> ~no, because Zeus made them to get back at someone and it worked, but >she didn’t mean to; they’re not all bad>What is in Pandora’s infamous box?> ~innumerable plagues, sorrow and mischief for mankind and hope>Why does she open it?> ~she was curious>What is the result?> ~it releases the evils into the world.>What does not come screeching out of the box, and why is it appropriate for >hope to remain?> ~hope; it is mankind’s sole comfort in misfortune>>*How does Zeus personally punish Prometheus for helping mankind?> ~they bound him to a high-piercing, headlong rock>What does Prometheus know that could help Zeus in the future?> ~he knew who would be the mother of the son who would dethrone him and >drive the gods from their home in heaven.>In light of the fate placed on Zeus, what do you think of his philandering?> ~It’s not very good for him to do that it just increases his chances >of it happening sooner>How does Prometheus escape?> ~He was released>>Does the Deluge remind you of any other stories?> ~Yes, Noah and his ark>Why does Zeus send the flood?> ~He felt that men grew so wicked that finally Zeus determined to >destroy them>How many days does it rain?> ~nine>Who is saved?> ~a man and a woman (Deucalion and Pyrrha)>How?> ~the man was the wisest person in the world; he knew the flood would >come and he told his son to build a chest, store it with >provisions and embark his wife in it>Why is Zeus not angry at their survival?> ~the two were pious, faithful worshipers of the gods>What are they urged to do?> ~“Veil your heads and cast behind you the stones of your mother>At what solution do they arrive?> ~earth is the mother of all her bones are the stones so they cast >these>How is the new race born?> ~they cast the stones of the temple and they took human shape>>Study Guide for Chapter Four: Early Heroes>>Europa>1. How does Zeus fall in love with Europa?> ~Cupid’s arrow>2. What does Zeus change himself into when he appears before Europa for the >first time?> ~a bull>3. Where does Zeus take Europa after they cross the sea?> ~Crete>>*The Cyclops Polyphemus*>1. Who lands his boat on the Cyclops’ land?> ~A Greek prince named Odysseus>2. How does Odysseus damage Polyphemus’ eye?> ~He got the Cyclops drunk and when he fell asleep they heated the >point of a stake and drove the spike into Polyphemus’ eye.>3. Who is Polyphemus’ father?> ~Poseidon>4. With whom does Polyphemus fall in love?> ~Galatea>>Flower Myths>Why is it natural for flowers to be connected with the gods?> ~The flower was held to be the direct creation of a god for his own >purpose.>>*Narcissus*>1.*How does Zeus use the narcissus flower to help Hades lure Persephone?> ~He uses its beauty to lure her towards it while she was picking >flowers and then a chasm opened in the earth and someone grabbed her >and took her away>2.*Why does Hera punish Echo?> ~She thinks that Zeus loves her.>3. How does she punish her?> ~She condemned her never to use her tongue again except to repeat what >is said to her.>4. What happens to Echo after she is rejected by Narcissus?> ~She hid her blushes and her shame in a lonely cave, and never could >be comforted.>5. How does Nemesis punish Narcissus?> ~She prays that if he doesn’t love anyone he must love himself.>6. How does death set Narcissus free?> ~Narcissus loves his reflection so much that he dies trying to grasp >it from the water>7. What happens to Narcissus’ body after he dies?> ~His body turns into a flower>>Hyacinthus>1.*How does Hyacinthus die?> ~Hyacinthus died in a game of discus Apollo missed his target and hit >him in the forehead.>2. What happens to Hyacinthus after he dies?> ~the bloodstained grass turned green again and there bloomed forth the >wondrous flower that was to make the lad’s name known forever>>*Adonis>1. What is the name of Adonis’ flower?> ~the blood-red anemone, the wildflower>2. With which two goddesses does Adonis split his time?> ~Queen of the Dead and the Goddess of Love and Beauty>3. What seasons does he spend with each?> ~ The Queen of the Dead spends autumn and winter with him and the >Goddess of Love and Beauty spends spring and summer with him.>4. How does Adonis die?> ~A boar gored him with its great tusks>>*Study Guide for Chapter Five: Cupid and Psyche*>>1. Why is Venus (a goddess), so jealous of Psyche (a mortal)?> ~All the honors once hers were now given to a mere girl destined some >day to die.>2. What does Venus tell her son Cupid to do to Psyche?> ~She told him to “Use your power and make the hussy fall madly in love >with the vilest and most despicable creature there is in the whole world.”>3. How does Psyche feel about going to meet her destined husband?> ~She is glad that she will finally be put out of her misery.> How does the rest of her family feel?> ~They are sad that she is destined to marry a fearful winged serpent.> Why?> ~They think she deserves better.>4. Where is Psyche taken when she goes to the hilltop?> ~To a grassy meadow soft as a bed and fragrant with flowers.> What is surprising about the atmosphere and the way that she is >treated?> ~The mansion seemed to be built for a god and everything she >experienced was incredible>5. How do Psyche’s sisters react when they visit her and see all of her >wealth?> ~They were filled with bitter envy and a devouring curiosity as to who >was the lord of all this magnificence.>6. What is significant about the story they make up about her husband?> ~They give her a reason for why she hasn’t seen him.>7. What is the plan that Psyche carries out one evening?> ~That night she must hide a sharp knife and a lamp near her bed. When >her husband was fast asleep she must leave the bed, light the >lamp, and get the knife. She must steel herself to plunge it swiftly >into the body of the frightful being the light would certainly >show her.> Why is she shocked at her findings?> ~It is not the serpent she expected.>8. Who does her husband turn out to be, and what does he do/say when he >sees her?> ~Cupid, the God of Love; he tells her that there is no love without >trust and he departs from her sight and life.>9. Psyche searches everywhere for her husband. Where does she finally find >him and what is he doing there?> ~In a chamber healing his wound>10.What are the four things that Venus makes Psyche do out of bitterness >and envy?> ~She took a great quantity of the smallest seeds and told her to have >them sorted by nightfall.> ~She had her fetch wool from fierce sheep> ~Psyche is to fill a flask of black water from the Styx river> ~She gave Psyche a box which she was to carry to the underworld and >ask Proserpine to fill with some of her beauty> How does Psyche manage to accomplish them?> ~With the help of many friendly earthlings> Does her story at this point remind you of any others you might have >read?> ~No>11. Why does Psyche open the box of beauty, and what happens when she does?> ~She felt that she must see what that beauty-charm in the box was and >perhaps use a little of it on herself.>12. How and why does Psyche become immortal?> ~She married him formally>13. Is Venus satisfied with this situation? Why or why not?> ~Yes, she said she couldn’t object to a goddess as a daughter-in-law.>14. What does the name Psyche mean?> ~Love and the Soul>>Study Guide for Chapter Six: Eight Brief Tales of Lovers>>Orpheus and Eurydice>At what is Orpheus skilled?> ~his mother gave him the gift of music; singing>After Orpheus and Eurydice and married, what happens to Eurydice?> ~she died>How does this happen?> ~a viper stung her>Where does Orpheus decide to go?> ~to the world of death>What does Orpheus ask?> ~for Eurydice’s return>What are the conditions of the agreement?> ~that he would not look back at her as she followed him, until they >had reached the upper world.>What happens when Orpheus breaks the condition?> ~Eurydice disappears into the darkness>>*Pygmalion and Galatea>At what is Pygmalion skilled?> ~sculpting>What does Pygmalion hate?> ~women>Of what does he make a statue, how does he feel about it?> ~a woman; he fell in love with it>Why?> ~he made himself the statue of a perfect women>What god/goddess helps Pygmalion?> ~Venus>What does Pygmalion ask of the god/goddess?> ~that his love might turn kind>Why does Pygmalion think something favorable will happen?> ~He was given a good omen by Venus>What does he find when he goes home?> ~His statue was a real person>Whom does Pygmalion marry?> ~Galatea>>Study Guide for Chapter Seven: Jason and the Argonauts>>1. Who is the king of Greece?> ~Athamas> What is the state of his marriage?> ~He got tired of his wife, put her away, and married another>2. How does Ino plan to get rid of the King’s children?> ~She got possession of all the seed-corn and bribed a messenger to >tell the king the only way people would get food was if he >offered his son as a sacrifice.> How is her plan thwarted?> ~When the boy had been taken to the altar wondrous ram, with a fleece >of pure gold, snatched him and his sister up and bore them away >through the air.>3. What happens to Phrixus?> ~He came safely to land> How does he thank the gods and the King?> ~He gave the precious Golden Fleece to King ¯etes>4.*Who is Jason?> ~The King’s young son> What has he set out to do?> ~claim his kingdom> Who is Philias?> ~Jason’s wicked cousin> On what terms will Philias give Jason his kingdom?> ~He tells him that he must recover the Golden Fleece and thus bring >back his spirit to his home.>5. Who joins Jason on his journey?> ~Hercules, Orpheus, Castor, Pollux, and Peleus> Which god protects them?> ~Hera> What is the name of the ship?> ~Argo>6. What is Lemnos and who are the people living there?> ~a strange island where only women lived> *What happens to Hercules?> ~they lost him>7. Who were the Harpies?> ~The Harpies frightful flying creatures with hooked beaks and claws >who always left behind them a loathsome stench, sickening to all >living creatures.> Who was Phineus?> ~a lonely old man> How is he punished?> ~whenever he was about to dine the Harpies would swoop down and >inflict his food with stench.> How do Jason and his companions help him?> ~They feed him and stood beside him with swords> What advice does Phineus give Jason?> ~He told them the way to pass the Clashing Rocks was to first make a >trial with a dove, if she passed through safely, then the >chances were that they would too. But if it was crushed, they >were to give up.>8.*Who are the Amazons?> ~the daughters of that most peace-loving nymph, Harmony>9.*What does Hera ask Aphrodite to do?> ~She asked for Aphrodite to have her son Cupid make the daughter of >the Colchian King fall in love with Jason.> Why?> ~She feared for the trouble Jason was in> What is Cupid told to do?> ~Shoot an arrow to make Medea fall in love with Jason> How does this action effect Medea?> ~She falls in love with Jason>10. For what does Jason ask King ¯etes, and what is his response?> ~The Golden Fleece; he would give it to them if they performed a task>11.What is the trial the king gives Jason?> ~This was to yoke two bulls he had, whose feet were of bronze and >whose breath was flaming fire, and with them to plow a field. >Then the teeth of a dragon must be cast into the furrows, like >seed-corn -- which would spring up at once into a crop of armed >men. These must be cut down as they advanced to the attack-- a >fearful harvesting.> How and why does Medea help him?> ~She gives him an ointment that made him invincible for the day; she >loves him> For what is the rock?> ~it could make them turn against each other and fight until they were >all killed>12.*What guards the fleece?> ~a terrible serpent>13.What goddess continues to take care of the Argonauts on their return >trip?> ~Hera>14.What is the situation when Jason returns with the fleece?> ~Pelias had forced Jason’s father to kill himself and his mother had >died of grief.>15.What does Medea trick Pelias’ daughters into doing?> ~Medea tricks them into cutting Pelias’ body into pieces>16.How does Jason upset Medea?> ~He marries the daughter of the King of Corinth> What does she threaten?> ~she would do harm to Jason’s bride>17.Who does Medea find caused her to fall for Jason?> ~Aphrodite> How does she react?> ~she refuses his gold>18.*What does Medea give to Jason’s bride?> ~a lovely robe> What happens to her?> ~she dies>19.What does Medea do after the murder?> ~killed her sons> What is Jason’s response?> ~he cursed her>>Study Guide for Chapter Eight: Four Great Adventures>>Phaethon>1. Who is Phaethon’s mother?> ~Clymene>2. Why does Phaethon seek out the Sun god?> ~to ask if he’s his father>3. What does Phaethon ask to do?> ~To take his father’s place for a day>4.*Describe the route the Sun travels daily. What is the road like? The >horses? The monsters?> ~It rises up from the sea so steeply that the horses can hardly climb >it, fresh though they are in the early morning. In midheaven it >is so high that even the Sun does not like to look down. Worst >of all is the descent, so precipitous that the Sea-gods waiting >to receive him wonder how he can avoid falling headlong. To >guide the horses, too it is a perpetual struggle. Their fiery spirits grow >hotter as they climb and they scarcely suffer his control. You >will have to pass beasts, fierce beasts of prey, and they are all >that you will see. The Bull, the Lion, the Scorpion, the great >Crab, each will try to harm you.>5. As soon as Phaethon drives the chariot, what do the horses realize?> ~The horses realized that their own driver was not there> How do they react?> ~They took control of the chariot>6.*What happens to the world during Phaethon’s ride?> ~it was set on fire> What does Mother Earth request?> ~for the world to be saved> How does Jove react?> ~He sized his thunderbolt and hurled it at the rash, repentant driver> What happens to Phaethon?> ~He is struck dead>>Pegasus and Bellerophon>1. Who is Glaucus?> ~King of Corinth> How does he bring the wrath of the gods upon himself?> ~He fed his horses human flesh to make them fierce in battle.> What is his fate?> ~He was thrown from his chariot and his horses tore him to pieces>2. Who is rumored to be the Bellerohon’s father?> ~Poseidon> Who is his mother?> ~Eurynome> Why does it seem likely he is the son of a god?> ~no matter what the task he accepted>3. What does Bellerophon want?> ~He wants to catch and tame Pegasus, a marvelous horse> Who is Polyidus?> ~the wise seer of Ephyre> What does he advise Bellerophon to do?> ~He advised him to go to Athena’s temple and sleep there>4. What is Bellerophon given so he can gain Pegasus?> ~a bridle of all gold> Who gives it to him?> ~Athena>5. Why does Anteia want her husband to kill Bellerophon?> ~She wants her husband to kill Bellerophon> Why will he not do so?> ~He ate at his table> What does he do instead?> ~He sends a letter to the King of Lycia>6. What does the letter to the King of Lycia read?> ~It read that Proetus wanted the young man killed> What does the king do in response?> ~He asked Bellerophon to go and slay the Chimaera>7. Name three great beings Bellerophon conquered.> ~Chimaera> ~the Solymi> ~the Amazons>8. Did Bellerophon and Proetus ever reconcile?> ~yes> How?> ~the king was won over by his courage and his good fortune too>9. What eventually causes the beginning of Bellerophon’s demise?> ~His eager ambition makes him believe he could ride Pegasus up to >Olympus> How does he die?> ~he devoured his own soul and avoided the paths of men until he died>10.What happens to Pegasus after Bellerophon’s death?> ~He finds shelter in the heavenly stalls of Olympus were the steeds of >Zeus were cared for>>*Daedalus*>1. What is Daedulus’ profession?> ~Daedulus was an architect> What famous object does he build?> ~The Labyrinth>2. Who is Daedulus’ son?> ~Icarus>3. Why does King Minos imprison Daedulus and his son?> ~He believes the only way the Athenians could have found their way out >was if Daedulus had helped them for this he imprisoned them.>4. How do Daedulus and his son escape?> ~Daedulus makes themselves two pairs of wings>5. Of what does Daedulus warn his son?> ~to keep a middle course over the sea> What happens when his son does not heed this warning?> ~the sun melted the glue of the wings and he fell into the waters >below>6. To where does Daedulus flee?> ~to Sicily>7. How does King Minos know where he is?> ~King Minos had it proclaimed that a great reward would be given to >whoever could pass a thread through an intricately spiraled >shell; knowing the only one who could perform such a task was >Daedulus.>8. What happens to King Minos?> ~he’s slain>>Study Guide for Chapter Nine: Perseus>>1. What does the priestess tell King Acrisius about his daughter, Danae?> ~He told King Acrisius that Danae would have a son who would one day >kill him>2. Why does Acrisius refuse to kill his daughter?> ~His fear of the gods was too strong.>3. Who visits Danae in her chamber?> ~Zeus> In what form?> ~gold>4.*Who is Perseus?> ~Danae’s son>5. What does Acrisius do to make sure that his grandson will not kill him?> ~He had a great chest made, and he placed Danae and Perseus in it; it >was then taken out to sea and cast into the water.>6. Who discovers Danae and Perseus?> ~a fisherman named Dictys> What does he do with them?> ~He took them home to his considerate wife>7. Why does Polydectes want to kill Perseus?> ~He has fallen in love with Danae but he did not want her son> What is his plan?> ~To trick Perseus into thinking that he so longingly needs the head of >a Gorgons; some fearsome monsters.>8.*What happens to anyone who lays eyes on Medusa?> ~they turn instantly into stone>9. What is Hermes’ plan to find the way to the nymphs of the North?> ~To go to the Gray Women who alone could tell them the way>10.What does Hermes give to Perseus?> ~a sword> Why is it special?> ~it could not be bent or broken by the Gorgon’s scales>11.What does Athena give Perseus?> ~She took off the shield of polished bronze which covered her breast >and held it out to him.> How will it help him?> ~he could use it as a shield and see the Gorgon without looking at her>12.What gifts do the Hyperboreans give to Perseus?> ~winged sandals> ~a magic wallet that changed size> ~a cap that made the wearer invisible>13.What do the three Gorgons look like?> ~They were creatures with great wings and bodies covered with golden >scales and hair a mass of twisting snakes.> Why can only Perseus kill Medusa?> ~the other two Gorgons were immortal>14.Why is Andromeda being punished?> ~her mother had boasted that she was more beautiful than the daughters >of Nereus> What is her punishment?> ~to be devoured by a horrible sea serpent>15.What does Perseus do to the great snake?> ~he cut off its head> Why?> ~he was going to eat Andromeda>16.What happens when Perseus enters the banquet?> ~He pulls out Medusa’s head and all of the people in there, including >the king turned to stone.>17.What becomes of Acrisius?> ~he had been driven away from the city>18.Who keeps Medusa’s head? What does she do with it?> ~It was given to Athena, who bore it always upon the aegis, Zeus’ >shield, which she carried for him.>19.Who is Electryon?> ~Perseus and Andromeda’s son>>Study Guide for Chapter Ten: Theseus>>1. What are the terms for Theseus to receive his father’s gifts?> ~he has to be strong enough to lift the stone enclosing them>2. Why does Theseus not want to travel by sea?> ~the voyage was safe and easy> Who is his role model?> ~Hercules> What is his relationship to him?> ~He was his cousin>3.*What are Theseus’ ideas of dealing with justice?> ~what each had done to others, Theseus did to him> When he arrives at Athens, why is he an acknowledged hero?> ~he had cleared the land of these banes to travelers>4. Why does the King want to poison Theseus?> ~He was afraid that Theseus would win over the people and they would >make him king.> Whose original plan is it?> ~Medea’s> Why?> ~she had acquired great influence over Aegeus, which she did not want >disturbed by the appearance of a son.> Does Theseus become poisoned?> ~no>5.*Why does Minos demand fourteen youths and maidens?> ~to feed his Minotaur> What/who is Minotaur?> ~it was a monster, half bull, half human> What happens to these youths?> ~the Minotaur eats them> What are Theseus’ true intentions in offering himself?> ~to kill the Minotaur>6.*Who is Ariadne?> ~Minos’ daughter> What happens when she first sees Theseus?> ~she falls in love with him> Whom does she consult for help?> ~Daedalus> What is his advice?> ~to fasten a ball of thread at one end to the inside of the door and >unwind as he went on.> How does Theseus kill Minotaur?> ~he batters the monster to death> Does Ariadne make it to Athens?> ~no> Why?> ~she died>7. Why does Theseus’ father kill himself?> ~he thought his son died> Who takes over Athens?> ~Theseus> Explain the new government in Athens.> ~everyone is equal>8. Who bears Theseus a son?> ~ Antiope (Hippolyta)> What is the son’s name?> ~Hippolytus>9. Who is Theseus’ friend?> ~Pirithous>10.*Who are the Centaurs?> ~creatures who each had the body of a horse and the chest and face of >a man> What happens at the wedding?> ~the Centaurs got drunk and seized the women>11.Whom does Theseus want to marry?> ~Helen> Whom does Pirithous want to marry?> ~Persephone> When the friends go to the underworld, who knows their plan?> ~the Lord of Hades> What is the fate of Pirithous?> ~she is to stay in the Chair of Forgetfulness forever> Of Theseus?> ~he is brought back to earth>12.Whom does Theseus marry?> ~Phaedra> What is her relation to Ariadne?> ~they are sisters>13.Who falls in love with Hippolytus?> ~Phaedra> Who is behind it?> ~Aphrodite> Why?> ~she was angry at him and wanted to punish him>14.What happens when Hippolytus rejects Phaedra?> ~Phaedra kills herself> What does Phaedra leave behind?> ~a letter to her husband> What does it say?> ~“O dearest and best, are your last desired written here? This is >your seal--yours who will never more smile up at me.” >(Hippolytus laid violent hands upon his wife)> How does Theseus react?> ~he curses his son> What is Hippolytus’ fate?> ~death> What does Artemis tell Theseus?> ~that he is an exile from the land>15.After death of Hippolytus, where does Theseus go?> ~to King Lycomedes’ court> How does he die?> ~King Lycomedes killed him>>Study Guide for Chapter Eleven: Hercules>>Hercules is honored as the greatest hero of Greece except where?> ~Athens>Whom do they consider to be the greatest hero?> ~Theseus>1.*Why does Hercules consider himself an equal to the gods?> ~He was the strongest man on earth>2. Who is Hercules willing to fight to get an answer from the oracle?> ~Apollo>3.*What is the only thing that can overcome Hercules?> ~supernatural force>4. How does Hercules show a greatness of soul?> ~by his sorrow for wrongdoing and his willingness to do anything to >expiate it.>5. Where is Hercules born?> ~Thebes> Who are Hercules’ mortal parents?> ~Amphitryon and Alcmena> Who is his biological father?> ~Zeus>6. What does Hercules do when the two snakes approach his crib?> ~he sat up and grasped the deadly creatures by the throat>7. Whom does Hercules first kill by accident?> ~his music master>8. Whom does Hercules first marry?> ~Princess Megara> What happens to him after he and his wife have three sons?> ~he went mad> What happens to them?> ~he kills his wife and three sons> Who causes this to happen?> ~himself>9. Who stops Hercules from trying to kill himself?> ~Theseus>10.To whom does the priestess tell Hercules to go?> ~Eurystheus> Why?> ~he needed to be purified>11.How many labors does Hercules have to complete?> ~twelve> Who helps Eurystheus devise these labors?> ~Antaeus>12.Who is in love with the girl Hercules wants to marry?> ~Achelous> What happens to him?> ~He conquered him and broke off one of his horns> Who becomes Hercules’ wife?> ~Deianira>13.With whom does Hercules spend the night on his way to get to the >man-eating mares of Diomedes?> ~Admetus>14.Why does Admetus’ wife die?> ~She offered to die for him instead of him>15.Why does Hercules bring Alcestis back from the dead?> ~He feels guilty for getting drunk instead of being a good friend>16.What aspects of Hercules’ character are clearly evident in the story of >Admetus and Alcestis, considering the ancient Greeks’ perspective?> ~his simplicity an blundering stupidity; his inability not to get >drunk in a house were someone was dead; his quick penitence and >desire to make amends at no matter what the cost; his perfect >confidence that not even Death was his match.>17.Whose city does Hercules capture?> ~King Eurytus> Why?> ~he himself had been punished by Zeus for killing Eurytus’ son>18.What does the man say to Deianira?> ~he told her that Hercules was madly in love with a Princess>19.What does the Centaur Nessus say his blood would do?> ~it would work as a charm>20.What does Deianira do when she hears what her gift had done to Hercules?> ~she kills herself>21.Whom does Hercules marry when he goes to heaven?> ~Hebe>>Study Guide for Chapter Twelve: Atalanta>1. What does Atlanta’s father do to her when she is born?> ~he had the tiny creature left on a wild mountainside to die of cold >and hunger.>2. Who takes care of Atalanta after her father abandons her?> ~a she-bear>3. What is the situation with the two centaurs?> ~they caught sight of her and tried to pursue her but she calmly >fitted an arrow to her bow and both centaurs were left mortally >wounded.>4. Whom does Calydon send to punish King Orneus and why?> ~Artemis; he forgot her when he was sacrificing the first fruits to >the gods at harvest-time>5. Describe Atalanta when she joins the Argo.> ~Her face seemed too maidenly to be that of a boy, and too boyish to >be that of a maiden.>6. Who falls in love with her?> ~Oeneus’ son, Meleager>7. Who wounds the boar, and how is it wounded?> ~Atalanta>8. Who finishes killing the boar?> ~Meleager>9. Who opposes giving the skin to Atalanta?> ~Althea’s brothers>10.Who is Meleager’s mother?> ~Althea>11.How is the boar hunt the cause of Meleager’s death?> ~Meleager’s mother through his brand into the fire>12.What does Meleager do to them?> ~he killed her brothers>13.Whom does Atalanta beat in a wrestling match?> ~Peleus>14.With whom does she reconcile?> ~her father>15.Discuss Atalanta’s conditions for marrying.> ~She had agreed to marry whoever could beat her in a foot race>16.How does her husband succeed?> ~He used three golden apples that were irresistible to any being> Which goddess helps him?> ~Aphrodite>17.What was Atalanta’s son’s name?> ~Parthenopaeus>18.Into what kind of animals are Atalanta and Meleager turned?> ~lions>>Study Guide for Chapter Thirteen: The Trojan War>>Prologue: The Judgment of Paris>What does Eris throw into the banqueting hall to cause trouble among the >goddesses?> ~a golden apple>Why?> ~she was not invited>What are the three things that Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite offer Paris?> ~Hera: make him the Lord of Europe and Asia> ~Athena: he would lead the Trojans to victory against the Greeks> ~Aphrodite: that the fairest woman in all the world should be his>Whom does Paris choose?> ~Aphrodite>>The Trojan War>1. Who is the most beautiful woman in the world?> ~Helen> Who is her biological father?> ~Zeus> Who is chosen to be her husband?> ~Menelaus>2. What does Paris do officially to spark the Trojan War?> ~he abducts Helen, the wife of Menelaus> Why do the chieftains of Greece help Menelaus against Troy?> ~They came eager for the great enterprise, to cross the sea and lay >mighty Troy in ashes.> Which two of the chieftains were missing at first?> ~Odysseus> ~Achilles> Why?> ~Odysseus didn’t want to leave his house and family> ~Achilles was kept back by his mother>3.*Why is Artemis angry at the Greeks?> ~one of her beloved wild creatures, a hare, had been slain by the >Greeks> What does she demand of them to calm the wind and ensure a safe >voyage to Troy?> ~to sacrificing a royal maiden> Do they do what she asks?> ~yes>4. Why is it brave for Protesilaus to be the first to leap ashore?> ~the oracle said that he who landed first would be the first to die> Who is the greatest of the Trojan warriors?> ~Hector> Of the Greek warriors?> ~Achilles> What does each of them know will happen to them before Troy is taken?> ~they will die>5. For how many years does victory go back and forth?> ~nine> What two Greeks have a fight that turns outcome in favor of the >Trojans?> ~Achilles and Agamemnon> What is the fight about?> ~over a women (Chryseis)>6. Which gods are on the side of the Trojans?> ~Aphrodite, Ares, Apollo, Artemis, Zeus> Which are on the side of the Greeks?> ~Hera, Athena, Poseidon>7. What does Aphrodite do to protect Paris when he fights alone against >Menelaus?> ~She tore away the strap that kept the helmet on so that it came away >in Menelaus’ hand. She caught Paris in a cloud and took him >back to Troy.> What happens to keep the Greeks and Trojans from coming to an >agreement?> ~Hera’s prompting>8. Who almost dies at the hand of Diomedes?> ~Hector> Who tries to stop Diomedes?> ~Aphrodite> Are they successful?> ~no>9.*How is Ares stopped when he is fighting for Hector with the Trojans?> ~Athena interfered and hurled a spear at him> Does this loss hurt the Trojans?> ~yes> How do the Trojans try to fix it?> ~they offer Athena the most beautiful robe and prayed for her to have >mercy>10.*Why does Zeus leave Olympus and go to help the Trojans himself?> ~he remembered his promise to Thetis to avenge Achilles’ wrong>11.What nickname do the Trojans give Hector?> ~Tamer of the horses>12.*How do the Greeks try to appease Achilles?> ~they offered him many rich gifts if he would yield> What is his response?> ~an absolute refusal>13.*What is Hera’s plan?> ~she must go to Zeus looking so lovely that he could not refuse her; >then when he took her in his arms she would pour sweet sleep upon >him and he would forget the Trojans.> Does it work?> ~yes> How does Hector escape harm?> ~Aeneas lifted him and bore him away> Who has been helping the Greeks against Zeus’ wishes?> ~Poseidon> Who stops the Greeks from conquering Troy?> ~Hera> How?> ~she puts Zeus to sleep>14.Who revives Hector?> ~Apollo> To whom does Achilles give his armor and men?> ~Patroclus> Why?> ~Achilles says he cannot go back for he is a man dishonored> What happens when Patroclus meets Hector face to face?> ~his doom was sealed> Who gets Achilles’ armor?> ~Hector>15.Why does Achilles enter the fight again?> ~he says he didn’t help his comrade in his sore need> Who makes his new armor?> ~Hephaestus> Who is appointed by Zeus to die during this battle?> ~Hector and Achilles>16.Why does Hector not flee into Troy?> ~He believes that he is destined to die either way> Who accompanies Achilles in battle?> ~Athena> Why does Hector stop his flight around the walls of Troy?> ~Athena appeared beside him in the shape of his brother> Who does he think is his ally?> ~Deiphobus> Who is it really?> ~Athena> What covenant does Hector try to make with Achilles?> ~He asks him to give his body to his father and mother> Does Achilles accept?> ~no>17.*Does Achilles succeed in killing Hector the first time he throws his >spear?> ~no> Who brings it back to him?> ~Athena> Why doesn’t Hector’s spear kill Achilles?> ~his armor was magical and could not be pierced>18. What does Achilles do with Hector’s body?> ~stripped the bloody armor, pierced the feet of the dead man and >fastened them with thongs to the back of his chariot, letting the >head trail. Then he lashed his horses and round and round the >walls of Troy hw dragged all that was left of glorious Hector.> What three gods on Olympus do not mind the abuse of the dead?> ~Hera> ~Athena> ~Poseidon> How does the King regain Hector’s body?> ~He begged Achilles> How many days do they mourn Hector?> ~nine> Describe the funeral.> ~They laid him on a lofty pyre and set fire to it. When all was >burned they quenched the flame with wine and gathered the bones >into a golden urn, shrouding them in soft purple. They set >the urn in a hollow grave and piled great stones over it.>>Study Guide for Chapter Fourteen: The Fall of Troy>>1.* Why did Apollo guide the arrow into Achilles’ heel?> ~It is the only place he can be wounded and killed.> How had Achilles’ mother been careless?> ~She dipped him into the River Styx to make him invulnerable, but did >not see to it that the water covered the part of his foot she was >holding.>2. What did Athena do to Ajax?> ~she struck him with madness> When Ajax saw what he had done, what did he say?> ~“The poor cattle killed to no purpose by my hand! And I stand here >alone, hateful to men and to gods. In such a state only a coward >clings to life. A man if he cannot live nobly can die nobly.”> What did he do?> ~killed himself>3. What did the prophet Helenus predict about the war?> ~Troy would not fall until some one fought against the Trojans with >the bow and arrows of Hercules.>4. When Paris was wounded, what did he request?> ~to be carried back to Oenone, the nymph he had lived with on Mount >Ida before the three goddesses came to him.> What happened to him and to Oenone?> ~she watched him die and then committed suicide>5.*What plan did Odysseus craft in order to infiltrate Troy?> ~He crafted a wooden horse in order to secretly enter the city inside >of it.>6. What story does Sinon tell to the Trojans?> ~He told them that he was the victim chosen to sacrifice. All was >ready for the awful rite.>7. What happens to Laocoon and how does this affect the Trojan’s reaction?> ~Two serpents crushed the life out of him. He had been punished for >opposing the entry of the horse. They dragged the horse through the >gate and up to the temple of Athena.>8. Describe the battle. What did some of the quick-witted Trojans do?> ~Fires were started in buildings throughout the city. Very many died >before They were able to get a chance to deal a blow in return. >The quickest witted Trojans tore off their own armor and put on >that of the dead Greeks, and many a Greek thinking he was joining >friends discovered too late that they were enemies and paid for >his error with his life.>9.*What is Priam’s fate?> ~Achilles’ son struck him down before the eyes of his wife and >daughters>10.Who was the only goddess to help the Trojan’s that day?> ~Aphrodite> What happens to her son?> ~his wife died>11.*Identify Hecuba. How did the fall of her family mark the end of Troy?> ~Hecuba is an old grey woman. Her family was royalty and with them >dead there is no more Troy.>>Study Guide for Chapter Fifteen: The Adventures of Odysseus>>1. Which two gods are the Greeks’ greatest allies?> ~Athena and Poseidon> Why do these gods later punish them?> ~they forgot what was due to the gods>2.*What power does Apollo give to Cassandra?> ~the power to foretell the future> Why does Apollo turn against her?> ~she refused his love> What is Cassandra’s fate?> ~to always know the disaster that was coming and be unable to avert >it.>3. What happens to Agamemnon, Menelaus, and Ajax after they leave Troy?> ~Agamemnon came near to losing all his ships> ~Menelaus was blown to Egypt> ~Ajax was drowned>4. Which characteristic causes Ajax’s downfall?> ~his mad folly in which he declares that he was one the sea could not >drown>5.*How long does Odysseus wander before he sees his home?> ~ten years>6.*Who is Penelope?> ~Odysseus’ wife> What task does she want to complete before she will marry any of her >suitors?> ~She told them that she could not marry until she had woven a very >fine and exquisitely wrought shroud for Odysseus’ father> Why is the task never completed?> ~every night she would unweave what she had weaved during the day and >the men caught her in the act.>7. Why does Athena favor Odysseus?> ~she delighted in his wily mind, his shrewdness and his cunning> Which god has no sympathy for Odysseus?> ~Poseidon>8.*Who is Telemachus?> ~Odysseus’ son> What is his personality like?> ~he was a sober, discreet young man, steady and prudent and dependable>9. What disguise does Athena take?> ~a seafaring man> What does she instruct Telemachus to do?> ~she strongly advised him strongly to try to find out his father’s >fate>10.Which two men most likely know something about Odysseus’ fate?> ~Nestor> ~Menelaus>11.Whose form does Athena take the second time she appears to Telemachus?> ~Mentor>12.To which god do Nestor and his sons offer a sacrifice?> ~Poseidon>13.Why does Menelaus have to hold down Proteus?> ~to learn what he wants> Under what do he and his men hide?> ~sealskin>14.*Which nymph keeps Odysseus?> ~Calypso>15.*Of what are Hermes’ sandals made?> ~imperishable gold> What powers are in his wand?> ~the ability to charm men’s eyes to slumber>16.*Why does Calypso not want to free Odysseus?> ~she didn’t think it was fair because she had taken care of him> What does she make for Odysseus?> ~a ship>17.*Who spots Odysseus on the sea?> ~Poseidon> Why does Odysseus not want to die in the storm?> ~he thought it was dishonorable> Who helps Odysseus in the storm?> ~Ino> What does she tell Odysseus to do?> ~abandon the raft and swim to shore> Who calms the waves?> ~Athena>18.*To whom does the country (where Odysseus washes ashore) belong?> ~Phaeacians> What is their way of life?> ~the people of her country were kind to luckless wanderers>19.*Who finds Odysseus in the trees?> ~Nausicaa> What does she set out to do?> ~She had the servants make ready an easy-running mule-cart and pack it >with the soiled clothes.> How do she and her servants complete their work?> ~they laid the clothes in the water and danced on them until they were >clean> What does she do for Odysseus?> ~she tells him how to get to her house and what to do once she got >there.> Why can’t she take him to her father herself?> ~If they saw a handsome man like him with her people would start to >believe what is not true.>>Odysseus’ Tale at Court of the Phaeacians>1. Ten days after leaving Troy, why does Odysseus have to tie down some of >his men?> ~they had tasted a type of flower-food lost their longing for home; he >had to drag them on shipboard and chain them there.>2.*Why is Poseidon angry with Odysseus?> ~They lost a number of comrades at his hands>3. What does King Aeolus give Odysseus?> ~a leather sack> What is in it?> ~all of the Storm Winds> Why does he give it to him?> ~as a parting gift> What does his crew do to it?> ~they opened it> What happens as a result?> ~all the Winds rushed out at once and swept them away in a terrific >tempest>4. Who destroys the whole fleet except for Odysseus’ ship?> ~His crew>5.*Who lives on Aeaea?> ~Circle, a most beautiful and dangerous witch> What happens to Odysseus’ remaining crew?> ~the witch turns them into swine> How does Odysseus avoid their fate?> ~he took a herb that made him suffer no harm> Who tells Odysseus how to save himself?> ~Hermes> What eventually happens to the crew?> ~The witch turns them back into men and they stay at Circle’s house >for about a year.>6.*How is Odysseus told to get to the entrance to Hades?> ~They must cross the river Ocean and beach the ship on Persephone’s >shore where there was an entrance to Hades.> Whom is he supposed to consult?> ~Teiresias> What is Odysseus supposed to do to make him come?> ~kill sheep and fill a pit with their blood>7.*To whose island is Odysseus go to next?> ~the Sirens> Who lives there and why are they harmful?> ~These were marvelous singers whose voices would make a man forget all >else> To avoid these people, what does Odysseus order to do to themselves >and himself?> ~He tells his crew to stop their ears with wax and proposed that the >crew tie him to the mast so strongly that he could not get away >however much he tried.>8.*At the Island of the Sun, what are Odysseus and his crew not to do?> ~eat the sacred oxen> What does the crew do, and what happens to them?> ~they eat the oxen and as soon as they left a thunderbolt shattered >the ship and all were drowned except Odysseus.>9. What do the King of the Phaeacians and the chiefs give Odysseus before >he leaves the > island?> ~parting gifts>10.Where does Odysseus wake up?> ~on dry land lying on a beach> Who is disguised as a shepherd?> ~Athena> As what does Athena disguise Odysseus?> ~an old beggar>11.Where does Telemachus go before going back to his house?> ~to the swineherd> Whom does he find there?> ~Eumaeus and his father> What does Odysseus tell Telemachus to hide?> ~all the weapons of war>12.*Who is Argos, and what does he do after he recognizes Odysseus?> ~Odysseus’ dog; the moment his master appeared he stood up and wagged >his tail, but he had not enough strength to drag himself even a >little toward him and Odysseus turned away for fear of arising >suspicion and at that moment the dog died.>13.What does Odysseus tell Penelope when she calls for him?> ~A story of meeting her husband on his way to Troy>14.What two challenges does Penelope give the suitors?> ~She tells the suitors that whoever strings the bow and shoots an >arrow through twelve rings in a row she will take as her husband> Who completes the challenges?> ~Odysseus>15.After the fight, whom does Odysseus spare?> ~the priest>16.*How does Odysseus prove himself to Penelope?> ~Penelope just has a feeling